Efectividad de los protocolos de atención rápida en urgencias para reducir complicaciones en pacientes oncológicos adultos

Claudia Belén Aguayo Rosales; Angela Antonia Romero Ponce; José-Manuel León Pino; Madison Tatiana Cid Freire

Claudia Belén Aguayo Rosales Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío. Chillán, Chile https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0249-8710
Angela Antonia Romero Ponce Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío. Chillán, Chile https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0670-6588
José-Manuel León Pino Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío. Chillán, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-7035
Madison Tatiana Cid Freire Escuela de Enfermería, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás. Los Ángeles, Chile

Palabras clave: Servicio de urgencia en hospital, Neoplasias, Protocolos clínicos, Triaje, Complicaciones, Enfermería de urgencia

Key-words: Emergency service hospital, Neoplasms, Clinical protocols, Triage, Complications, Emergency nursing

Resumen

Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia sobre la efectividad de los protocolos de atención rápida y modelos de triaje oncológico en servicios de urgencias para disminuir complicaciones clínicas agudas. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica integradora en bases CUIDEN, PubMed, Scielo y CINAHL. Se seleccionaron 9 artículos publicados entre 2020 y 2025 tras aplicar criterios de inclusión. Resultados: El infra-triaje es frecuente en pacientes oncológicos, asociándose a peores desenlaces. La implementación de protocolos estandarizados (ej. Código Sepsis) reduce significativamente el tiempo puerta-antibiótico y mejora la seguridad. Se destaca la importancia de los Equipos de Respuesta Rápida, aunque se advierte sobre la necesidad de integrar la humanización y el enfoque paliativo para evitar la obstinación terapéutica en estadios finales. Conclusiones: Los protocolos de atención rápida son intervenciones eficaces que disminuyen tiempos de espera y complicaciones graves. Su éxito depende del liderazgo de enfermería y la implementación de roles de práctica avanzada que equilibren la rapidez técnica con un cuidado ético.

Abstract

Objective: To analyze evidence on the effectiveness of rapid care protocols and oncologic triage models in emergency departments to reduce acute clinical complications. Methodology: Integrative bibliographic review in CUIDEN, PubMed, Scielo, and CINAHL databases. Nine articles published between 2020 and 2025 were selected after applying inclusion criteria. Results: Under-triage is frequent among oncologic patients and is associated with worse outcomes. The implementation of standardized protocols (e.g., Sepsis Code) significantly reduces door-to-antibiotic time and improves safety. The importance of Rapid Response Teams is highlighted, although the need to integrate humanization and a palliative approach to avoid therapeutic obstinacy in end-stage disease is warned. Conclusions: Rapid care protocols are effective interventions that decrease waiting times and severe complications. Their success depends on nursing leadership and the implementation of advanced practice roles that balance technical speed with ethical care.

Bibliografía

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Efectividad de los protocolos de atención rápida en urgencias para reducir complicaciones en pacientes oncológicos adultos

Effectiveness of rapid response protocols in emergency departments to reduce complications in adult cancer patients

Resumen

Abstract

Bibliografía